Dogs are remarkably good at hiding discomfort. By the time obvious symptoms appear, a problem has often been brewing for a while. These are the signs that should prompt at minimum a call to your vet.

Changes in Appetite or Thirst

• Refusing food for more than 24 hours

• Sudden increase in appetite (can signal hormonal disorders like diabetes or Cushing's disease)

• Dramatically increased water consumption alongside increased urination — this combination specifically points to kidney disease, diabetes, or liver problems

Digestive Changes

• Vomiting more than once or twice, or any vomiting with blood

• Diarrhea lasting more than 48 hours, or any diarrhea with blood

• Straining to defecate or urinate

• Noticeable bloating of the abdomen

Energy & Behavior Changes

• Lethargy — a dog that doesn't want to get up, greet you, or do things they normally enjoy

• Sudden aggression or irritability from a normally gentle dog (often a sign of pain)

• Confusion, disorientation, or staring blankly — can indicate neurological issues

• Hiding or withdrawing from family interaction

• Pacing, inability to settle, or restlessness at nigh

Physical Signs

• Persistent cough, wheezing, or labored breathing

• Limping or difficulty rising, especially after rest

• Excessive scratching, licking, or chewing at one area

• Lumps, bumps, or new growths anywhere on the body

• Eyes that are red, cloudy, discharging, or being held shut

• Ears that smell bad, have discharge, or are being scratched at

• Bad breath that's new or dramatically worse than usual

• Pale, yellow, or bluish gums (gums should be pink and moist)

• Unexplained weight loss or gain

The Rule of Thumb: Any symptom that persists more than 48 hours, is worsening, involves blood, or is accompanied by lethargy or loss of appetite warrants a vet call. When in doubt, call — that's what your vet is there for.